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good marriage

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1 good marriage

Макаров: выгодный брак

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > good marriage
2 good

1. [gʋd] n
1) добро, благо

good and evil - добро и зло

to do smb. good - делать добро кому-л., помогать кому-л.; помогать кому-л. исправиться

to be after /up to/ no good - задумать недоброе

there's some [a lot of] good in him - в нём есть немало [много] хорошего

2) польза

to extract all the good out of smth. - максимально использовать что-л.

to do good - быть полезным, приносить пользу

that will do more harm than good - это принесёт больше вреда, чем пользы

it will do you good to spend a week in the country - неделя в деревне пойдёт вам на пользу, вам будет полезно провести неделю в деревне

for (the) good of smb., for smb.'s good - на пользу /на благо/ кому-л., ради кого-л.

I'm doing it for your good - я делаю это для вашей пользы /ради вас/

an influence /a power/ for good - благотворное /хорошее/ влияние

for the public /common/ good - на общее благо

what good will it do? - что пользы в этом?

what is the good of it? - какой в этом смысл?; что в этом толку?

what good will that do you?, what good will it be to you? - зачем вам это?, какой вам смысл делать это?

a (fat) lot of good that will do you! - напрасно вы это затеваете; от этого (никакого) толку не будет

much good may it do you! разг. - а) пусть это пойдёт вам на пользу!; б) ирон. какая вам польза от этого?

to come to good - дать хороший результат

to come to no good - плохо кончить(ся)

he will come to no good - для него это добром не кончится; он плохо кончит

it is no good - бесполезно, ни к чему не ведёт

it's no good being insistent [talking about it] - бесполезно настаивать [говорить об этом]

he is no good - от него толку мало, он пустое место, он ни на что не годен

3) (the good) добрые люди

the good and the bad - добрые и злые

♢ to the good - а) к лучшему; that's all to the good - это всё к лучшему; that's so much to the good - пока всё хорошо; пока наша берёт, пока преимущество за нами; б) к выгоде

to be 500 dollars to the good - получить 500 долларов прибыли

for good (and all) - навсегда, окончательно

to settle down for good - осесть окончательно

he has gone for good - он уехал навсегда

we know not what is good until we have lost it - посл. ≅ что имеем - не храним, потерявши - плачем
2. [gʋd] a (better; best)
1. 1) хороший

good house [knife, road] - хороший дом [нож, -ая дорога]

good play [music, picture, dictionary] - хорошая пьеса [музыка, картина, -ий словарь]

good manners - хорошие манеры

good soil - хорошая /плодородная/ земля /почва/

good humour - хорошее настроение

of good family - из хорошей /благородной/ семьи

good breeding - хорошее воспитание, хорошие манеры

good behaviour - а) хорошее поведение; б) добросовестное выполнение своих обязанностей ( служащим); безупречное прохождение службы

in good English - на хорошем английском языке, безупречным английским языком

very good! - прекрасно!, отлично!, замечательно!

good luck! - желаю удачи!

good points - с.-х. хорошие стати, хороший экстерьер ( животных)

Good Conduct Badge - амер. воен. значок за безупречную службу

to feel good - хорошо себя чувствовать

I don't feel too good - я неважно себя чувствую; я чувствую себя не в своей тарелке

I don't feel too good about it - мне это не нравится, мне это не по душе

to have a good time - хорошо /приятно, весело/ провести время, здорово повеселиться [см. тж. ♢ ]

to have a good night - хорошо спать

to bring good news - приносить хорошие /приятные/ новости

life is good here - здесь живётся хорошо

drink water, it's just as good - пей воду, она ничуть /ничем/ не хуже

it would be a good idea to spend a day on the farm - неплохая мысль /будет неплохо/ провести день на ферме

it's a good thing that you can do it - здорово /я рад/, что ты можешь это сделать

you've never had it so good - никогда раньше дела не шли так хорошо

2) приятный, хороший

good looks - приятная внешность

it's good to be here [to see you, to hear of it] - приятно быть здесь [видеть вас, слышать об этом]

the food looks good - еда выглядит (вполне) аппетитно

that smells good - пахнет приятно

3) выгодный; удобный

good marriage - выгодный брак

good opportunity - удобный случай

4) имеющий хорошую репутацию; хороший (об имени и т. п.)

to live at a good address - жить в фешенебельном квартале

the firm has a good name - у этой фирмы хорошее имя /-ая репутация/

5) высокий, важный

people of /in/ a good position - люди, занимающие высокое положение

2. 1) полезный

medicine good for a headache /toothache/ - лекарство, хорошо помогающее от головной [зубной] боли

oil is good for burns - ожоги хорошо смазывать маслом

meat is not good for you - мясо вам вредно

he drinks more than is good for him - он чересчур много пьёт; он пьёт во вред здоровью

this climate is not good for the health - этот климат вреден для здоровья

it's good for him to spend plenty of time out of doors - ему полезно побольше быть на свежем воздухе

it seemed [I thought] good to do so - казалось [я думал], что так нужно сделать

2) годный

are acorns good to eat? - жёлуди употребляют в пищу?

this water is good to drink - эта вода вполне пригодна для питья

no good for anything - ни на что не годный

this is good enough for me - мне это подходит, меня это устраивает [ср. тж. 5]

this isn't good enough - а) (мне) это не подходит, (меня) это не устраивает; б) это /так/ не годится; в) это чересчур, это слишком

3. 1) умелый, искусный, хороший

good workman - искусный ремесленник

good scholar - серьёзный учёный

good swimmer [runner] - хороший пловец [бегун]

to be a good skater - хорошо кататься на коньках

to be a good dancer - быть хорошим танцором, хорошо танцевать

he will make a good doctor - из него получится хороший врач

he is good with his hands - он всё умеет делать, у него золотые руки

2) подходящий; отвечающий цели, назначению; соответствующий

good mother [wife, father] - хорошая мать [жена, -ий отец]

a good man for the work - человек, подходящий для данной работы

a good light for reading - свет, удобный для чтения

to come in good time - прийти вовремя /заранее/

it's good for the occasion - это годится для данного случая

he's too good for this job - он заслуживает лучшей работы

he proved to be a good friend - он оказался настоящим другом

3) (at) способный

to be good at mathematics [at languages] - быть способным к математике [к языкам]

4. 1) добрый, доброжелательный

good works [intentions] - добрые дела [намерения]

good nature - добродушие

good feeling - симпатия

good neighbourship /neighbourhood/ - добрососедские отношения

to say a good word for smb. - замолвить словечко за кого-л.

to do smb. a good turn - оказывать услугу кому-л.

to be good to smb. - проявлять доброту к кому-л.

to be good to animals - хорошо обращаться с животными

he has always been good to me - он всегда хорошо ко мне относился

2) благоприятный, положительный (об отзыве и т. п.)

to give a good report of smb., of smth. - хорошо отозваться о ком-л., о чём-л.

3) добродетельный; чистый

good Christian - добрый христианин

good citizen - лояльный гражданин

to live a good life - вести добропорядочную жизнь

to be good amid the temptations of the world - оставаться добродетельным среди мирских соблазнов

4) воспитанный, послушный

good child - послушный ребёнок

be good! - веди(те) себя прилично!

5. милый, любезный, добрый

it's very good of you - это очень мило с вашей стороны

be good enough to... - будьте так любезны... [ср. тж. 2, 2)]

6. 1) свежий, неиспорченный; доброкачественный

good food - доброкачественная /свежая/ пища

meat keeps good in a refrigerator - мясо остаётся свежим /хорошо сохраняется/ в холодильнике

is the meat still good? - мясо не испортилось?

2) настоящий, неподдельный

good money - настоящие деньги [см. тж. 9]

good stone - хороший /драгоценный/ камень

3) надёжный; кредитоспособный

good man - кредитоспособный человек

good debt - долг, который обязательно будет выплачен

on good authority - из надёжного источника

7. 1) здоровый, хороший

good sight - хорошее зрение

good heart - здоровое сердце

2) (for) способный, в состоянии

all you're good for is to spend money - ты только и умеешь, что тратить деньги

he is good for some years more - он проживёт /протянет/ ещё несколько лет

he is good for £20 - он может дать /внести/ 20 фунтов стерлингов

he /his credit/ is good for £25 000 - он располагает суммой в 25 000 фунтов стерлингов, у него в банке 25 000 фунтов стерлингов

3) действительный; действующий

the ticket is good for two months - билет действителен в течение двух месяцев

this car ought to be good for another five years - эта машина послужит мне ещё добрых пять лет

are you good for a long walk? - хватит ли тебя на длинную прогулку?

8. основательный; оправданный; справедливый; законный

good excuse - основательная /уважительная/ причина

good reasons - а) основательные причины; б) убедительные /веские/ доводы

good claim - справедливое притязание

to stand good - оставаться в силе

to stand good in law - быть юридически обоснованным

the rule holds good - правило действительно /справедливо/

9. достаточный; обильный, изрядный

a good round sum - кругленькая сумма

a good few - немало

a good while - довольно долго

a good deal /many/ - много, значительное количество

I have a good many books /a good deal of books/ - у меня много книг

a good half hour - добрых полчаса

a good part of the day - значительная часть дня

a good share of the work - значительная часть работы

a good piece of cake - изрядный кусок пирога

to walk a good three miles - пройти добрых три мили

to have a good laugh [talk] - хорошенько /как следует/ посмеяться [поговорить]

to earn good money - неплохо заработать [см. тж. 6, 2)]

to come in a good third - занять почётное третье место

10. добрый, милый (в вежливом, иногда ироническом или снисходительном обращении)

my good friend - мой добрый друг

my good man - мой дорогой ( особенно как обращение к мужу)

your good lady - ваша милая супруга

my good sir - дорогой сэр /господин/

11. эмоц.-усил. сильный, большой, крепкий; как следует

good hard work - тяжёлая /весьма нелёгкая/ работа

good thrashing - здоровая трёпка

good blow - сильный удар

good bruise - большой синяк

a good strong dose (of a medicine) - изрядная доза (лекарства)

after a good cry - всласть поплакав

we had a good long walk - мы здорово прогулялись

12. в грам. знач. нареч. хорошо

❝How'm I doing?❞ - ❝Not good❞ - Ну, как у меня получается? - Так себе

♢ good morning [day, evening] - доброе утро [-ый день, вечер]

good night - доброй ночи

to wish smb. a good night - пожелать кому-л. доброй ночи

the Good Book - библия; священное писание

good God!, good gosh!, good gracious! - господи!, боже мой!, боже правый!

good grief! - чёрт возьми!; ну и ну! (выражает гнев, удивление и т. п.)

good old John [Tom]! - браво, Джон [Том]!

good for you! амер. - а) тем лучше для вас!; б) браво!

good Lord, deliver us! - господи, спаси и помилуй!

good time - а) приятное времяпрепровождение [см. тж. 1, 1)]; б) долгое время, достаточный срок; в) юр. сокращение срока заключения /досрочное освобождение/ за хорошее поведение

in good time - а) со временем, с течением времени; б) своевременно; в) заранее, заблаговременно

all in good time - всё в своё время

good sport - славный парень

the good people - эльфы, феи

in good faith см. faith 4

to fulfil in good faith - добросовестно выполнять

as good as - почти; всё равно что

he is as good as dead - он уже не жилец на свете

it's as good as new - вещь почти новая

it's as good as done /settled/ - дело в шляпе

he has as good as got the job - это место у него в кармане; считай, что он уже получил эту работу

as good as a feast - вполне достаточно

as good as gold - а) послушный; б) добрый, снисходительный, благожелательный

as good as pie - амер. очень хороший, симпатичный; благонравный, паинька

as good as wheat - амер. очень хорошо, подходяще

as good as a play - очень интересно, забавно

as good as one's word - верный своему слову

to be as good as one's word - быть хозяином своего слова

his word is as good as his bond - он никогда не нарушает обещаний, он всегда держит своё слово

his example is as good as his sermon - у него слово не расходится с делом

too good to be true - так хорошо, что не верится; невероятно, не может быть

to have a good mind to... - намереваться, собираться (сделать что-л.)

to make good - а) сдержать слово; выполнить обещание; б) восполнять, возмещать, компенсировать ( потерю); в) доказать, обосновать; г) преуспевать, делать успехи

to make good the ground - воен. закрепляться на местности

that's a good one /'un/! - какая ложь!, какой вздор!, надо же такое придумать!

to be in good spirits - быть весёлым /в хорошем настроении/

to be in smb.'s good books - пользоваться чьей-л. благосклонностью

to be in smb.'s good graces см. grace I 3

good and hard - амер. основательно, сильно

good and proper - а) основательно, как следует; to tell smb. off good and proper - как следует отругать, распечь кого-л.; сказать кому-л. всё, что о нём думаешь; б) полностью; наголову, в пух и прах; to beat smb. good and proper - разбить кого-л. наголову

НБАРС > good
3 good

1. n добро, благо

good and evil — добро и зло

god is good — Бог благ

did good — сделал добро

done good — делал добро

good morning — доброе утро

doing good — делающий добро

2. n польза

to do good — быть полезным, приносить пользу

that will do more harm than good — это принесёт больше вреда, чем пользы

it will do you good to spend a week in the country — неделя в деревне пойдёт вам на пользу, вам будет полезно провести неделю в деревне

an influence for good — благотворное влияние

for the public good — на общее благо

what good will it do? — что пользы в этом?

what is the good of it? — какой в этом смысл?; что в этом толку?

what good will that do you?, what good will it be to you? — зачем вам это?, какой вам смысл делать это?

a lot of good that will do you! — напрасно вы это затеваете; от этого толку не будет

to come to good — дать хороший результат

to come to no good — плохо кончить

he will come to no good — для него это добром не кончится; он плохо кончит

do good — приносить пользу

ultimate good — максимальная польза

to good purpose — с большим успехом; с большой пользой

3. n добрые люди

the good and the bad — добрые и злые

to be 500 dollars to the good — получить 500 долларов прибыли

for good — навсегда, окончательно

to settle down for good — осесть окончательно

the Good Shepherd — пастырь добрый

good will mission — визит доброй воли

with good intent — с добрым намерением

good faith deposit — депозит доброй воли

envoys of good will — посланцы доброй воли

4. a хороший

good house — хороший дом

good play — хорошая пьеса

good manners — хорошие манеры

good soil — хорошая земля

good humour — хорошее настроение

of good family — из хорошей семьи

good breeding — хорошее воспитание, хорошие манеры

in good English — на хорошем английском языке, безупречным английским языком

very good! — прекрасно!, отлично!, замечательно!

good luck! — желаю удачи!

good points — хорошие стати, хороший экстерьер

Good Conduct Badge — значок за безупречную службу

to feel good — хорошо себя чувствовать

to have a good time — хорошо провести время, здорово повеселиться

to have a good night — хорошо спать

to bring good news — приносить хорошие новости

good job — хорошая работа

no good — ничего хорошего

good dream — хороший сон

good kind — хороший сорт

good start — хороший старт

5. a приятный, хороший

good looks — приятная внешность

to be a good golfer — хорошо играть в гольф

uncommon good beer — чертовски хорошее пиво

be on good terms — быть в хороших отношениях

good shot at golf — хороший игрок в гольф

good crop prospects — хорошие виды на урожай

6. a выгодный; удобный

good marriage — выгодный брак

good through — годный до

good bargain — выгодная сделка

a good racket — выгодное дельце

good berth — выгодная должность

a good pennyworth — выгодная сделка

7. a имеющий хорошую репутацию; хороший

to live at a good address — жить в фешенебельном квартале

tobacco of good burning quality — табак с хорошей горючестью

she has a feel for good poetry — она чувствует хорошие стихи

it is rather good than bad — это скорее хороший, чем плохой

a room with good ventilation — комната с хорошей вентиляцией

a good Jack makes a good Jill — у хорошего мужа хорошая жена

8. a высокий, важный

people of a good position — люди, занимающие высокое положение

not very good — неважный

good workmanship — высокое качество работ

none so good — вовсе не хороший, неважный

good beef — говядина выше средней категории

it matters a good deal to me — для меня это очень важно

9. a полезный

medicine good for a headache — лекарство, хорошо помогающее от головной боли

oil is good for burns — ожоги хорошо смазывать маслом

meat is not good for you — мясо вам вредно

he drinks more than is good for him — он чересчур много пьёт; он пьёт во вред здоровью

good time — полезное время

10. a годный

are acorns good to eat? — жёлуди употребляют в пищу?

this water is good to drink — эта вода вполне пригодна для питья

be good money — выгодный; выгодно помещенные деньги

partially good chip — частично годный кристалл

11. a умелый, искусный, хороший

good workman — искусный ремесленник

good scholar — серьёзный учёный

good swimmer — хороший пловец

to be a good skater — хорошо кататься на коньках

to be a good dancer — быть хорошим танцором, хорошо танцевать

workmanship good — хорошее качество работы

good holding ground — хорошо держащий грунт

good quality beam — пучок хорошей геометрии

good wheat land — хорошая почва для пшеницы

having a good chance — имеющий хороший шанс

12. a подходящий; отвечающий цели, назначению; соответствующий

good mother — хорошая мать

a good man for the work — человек, подходящий для данной работы

a good light for reading — свет, удобный для чтения

to take a good aim — метко стрелять, точно попадать в цель

making good on agoal — достижение цели

make good on agoal — достигать цель

13. a добрый, доброжелательный

good works — добрые дела

good nature — добродушие

good feeling — симпатия

good neighbourship — добрососедские отношения

good motive — доброе побуждение

Good Hope — — мыс Доброй Надежды

good will visit — визит доброй воли

the good old times — добрые старые времена

to bid good morning — пожелать доброго утра

14. a благоприятный, положительный

have a good press — получить благоприятные отзывы в печати

good inheritance — благоприятная наследственность

15. a добродетельный; чистый

good Christian — добрый христианин

good citizen — лояльный гражданин

16. a воспитанный, послушный

good child — послушный ребёнок

to have good manners — быть воспитанным

17. a милый, любезный, добрый

be good enough to … — будьте так любезны …

good wishes — добрые пожелания

good enough — достаточно любезный

with a good grace — охотно, любезно

good tidings — хорошие новости, добрые вести

good faith letter — письмо в духе доброй воли

18. a свежий, неиспорченный; доброкачественный

good food — доброкачественная пища

turning out good food — приготовление доброкачественной пищи

turned out good food — приготовил доброкачественную пищу

19. a настоящий, неподдельный

good money — настоящие деньги

good trencher-man — настоящий гурман или обжора

20. a надёжный; кредитоспособный

good man — кредитоспособный человек

21. a здоровый, хороший

good sight — хорошее зрение

he is a good penman — у него хороший почерк

good geometry beam — пучок хорошей геометрии

in good fix — в порядке, в хорошем состоянии

make good weather — хорошо выдерживать шторм

on good securities — под хорошее обеспечение

22. a способный, в состоянии

he is good for some years more — он проживёт ещё несколько лет

have good reason — иметь все основания

in good repair — в хорошем состоянии

in good repair — в исправном состоянии

I wish you good luck — желаю вам удачи

good working condition — исправное состояние

23. a действительный; действующий

the ticket is good for two months — билет действителен в течение двух месяцев

good till month order — приказ, действующий в течение месяца

good this month order — приказ, действующий в течение месяца

good till week order — приказ, действующий в течение недели

good right — юридически действительное право

speed made good — действительная скорость

24. a основательный; оправданный; справедливый; законный

good excuse — основательная причина

good claim — справедливое притязание

to stand good — оставаться в силе

good title — законный титул

a good clean — основательная уборка

to have a good tuck-in — основательно подзакусить

25. a достаточный; обильный, изрядный

a good round sum — кругленькая сумма

a good few — немало

a good while — довольно долго

a good deal — много, значительное количество

I have a good many books — у меня много книг

a good half hour — добрых полчаса

a good part of the day — значительная часть дня

a good share of the work — значительная часть работы

a good piece of cake — изрядный кусок пирога

to walk a good three miles — пройти добрых три мили

to have a good laugh — хорошенько посмеяться

to earn good money — неплохо заработать

to come in a good third — занять почётное третье добрый, милый

my good friend — мой добрый друг

my good man — мой дорогой

a good bit — изрядно, много

good ground — достаточное основание

26. a эмоц. -усил. сильный, большой, крепкий; как следует

good hard work — тяжёлая работа

good thrashing — здоровая трёпка

good blow — сильный удар

good bruise — большой синяк

a good strong dose — изрядная доза

good cast — сильный состав

good number — большое количество

good and hungry — голодный как волк

good many — многие; большое количество

made good track — точно следовал курсу

27. a хорошо

good night — доброй ночи

the Good Book — библия; священное писание

good God!, good gosh!, good gracious! — господи!, боже мой!, боже правый!

good grief! — чёрт возьми!; ну и ну!

good old John ! — браво, Джон !

good Lord, deliver us! — господи, спаси и помилуй!

all in good time — всё в своё время

good sport — славный парень

the good people — эльфы, феи

in good faith

to fulfil in good faith — добросовестно выполнять

as good as — почти; всё равно что

he is as good as dead — он уже не жилец на свете

he has as good as got the job — это место у него в кармане; считай, что он уже получил эту работу

as good as a feast — вполне достаточно

as good as pie — очень хороший, симпатичный; благонравный, паинька

as good as wheat — очень хорошо, подходяще

as good as a play — очень интересно, забавно

his word is as good as his bond — он никогда не нарушает обещаний, он всегда держит своё слово

his example is as good as his sermon — у него слово не расходится с делом

too good to be true — так хорошо, что не верится; невероятно, не может быть

to have a good mind to … — намереваться, собираться

to make good the ground — закрепляться на местности

jolly good — очень хорошо

good goer — хороший ходок

good oar — хороший гребец

good table — хороший стол

good sign — хороший признак

Синонимический ряд:

1. admirable (adj.) admirable; capital; exceptional; precious; satisfactory; valuable

2. advantageous (adj.) advantageous; auspicious; benefic; beneficial; benignant; brave; favoring; favourable; fortunate; gainful; helpful; lucrative; moneymaking; paying; profitable; promising; propitious; remunerative; serviceable; toward; useful; well-paying; worthwhile

3. appropriate (adj.) appropriate; befitting; convenient; expedient; fit; fitting; meet; proper; suitable; tailor-made; useful

4. big (adj.) altruistic; benevolent; benign; big; charitable; chivalrous; eleemosynary; humane; humanitarian; kind-hearted; philanthropic

5. blameless (adj.) blameless; exemplary; guiltless; inculpable; innocent; irreprehensible; irreproachable; lily-white; moral; righteous; unblamable; upright; virtuous

6. choice (adj.) choice; excellent; quality; superior

7. clever (adj.) clever; scintillating; smart; sprightly

8. commendable (adj.) commendable; favorable; flattering

9. conscientious (adj.) conscientious; dependable

10. considerable (adj.) considerable; great; immeasurable; large; sensible; sizable

11. considerate (adj.) considerate; generous

12. decent (adj.) acceptable; adequate; all of; all right; ample; common; decent; full; right; sufficient; tolerable; unexceptionable; unexceptional; unimpeachable; unobjectionable

13. delicious (adj.) delicious; flavorful; tasty

14. genial (adj.) agreeable; cheering; enjoyable; genial; satisfying

15. healthful (adj.) healthful; hygienic; salubrious; salutary; salutiferous; wholesome

16. healthy (adj.) healthy; sound; vigorous

17. honest (adj.) honest; just; pure

18. honorable (adj.) honorable; noble; respectable

19. kind (adj.) beneficent; friendly; kind; kindly; obliging; well-disposed

20. obedient (adj.) decorous; dutiful; heedful; obedient; tractable; well-behaved

21. pleasant (adj.) congenial; grateful; gratifying; nice; pleasant; pleasing; pleasurable; pleasureful; welcome

22. real (adj.) authentic; genuine; original; real; true; undoubted; unquestionable; valid

23. reliable (adj.) loyal; reliable; trustworthy

24. safe (adj.) safe; solid; stable

25. skillful (adj.) able; adept; adroit; au fait; capable; competent; dexterous; efficient; pretty; proficient; qualified; skilful; skilled; skillful; wicked; workmanlike; workmanly

26. well-founded (adj.) cogent; justified; well-founded; well-grounded

27. whole (adj.) complete; entire; flawless; intact; perfect; round; unbroken; undamaged; unhurt; unimpaired; uninjured; unmarred; untouched; whole

28. worthy (adj.) deserving; fair; honourable; immaculate; unblemished; unsullied; worthy

29. advantage (noun) advantage; asset; benediction; benefit; blessing; boon; gain; godsend; interest; profit; prosperity; usefulness; utility; weal; welfare; well-being; worth

30. kindness (noun) excellence; kindness; merit; righteousness

31. right (noun) right; straight

32. virtue (noun) goodness; morality; probity; purity; rectitude; rightness; uprightness; virtue; virtuousness

Антонимический ряд:

abominable; bad; base; bland; calamity; contemptible; corrupt; counterfeit; curse; debased; defective; depraved; detestable; detriment; disadvantage; disagreeable; disgraceful; fickle; harm; ill; improper; incompetent; inferior; irresponsible; naughty; notorious; uncomplimentary; unstable

English-Russian base dictionary > good
4 good

1. сущ.
1) общ. добро, благо (что-л. хорошее, заслуживающее положительной оценки с какой-л. точки зрения, в отличие от плохого, заслуживающего порицания)

to bring out the good in smb. — обнаруживать в ком-л. хорошие качества

See:

bad

2) эк., преим. мн. благо (то, что человек может потреблять, получая от этого положительную полезность; благом может быть продукт производства, состояние окружающей среды, информация и т. д.)

Ant:

public goods, private goods, economic good, distribution of goods 2)

See:

public goods, private goods, economic good, distribution of goods 2)

3) эк. благо, процветание, благосостояние (общества, человека)

for the common good — ради общего блага

It's for your own good. — Это для твоего же блага.

4) общ. выгода; польза (доход, здоровье или удовлетворение, полученные в результате каких-л. действий)

to somebody's good — на пользу кому-л.

It's no good trying. — Бесполезно пытаться.

Syn:

benefit, profit
2. прил.
1) общ. хороший, благоприятный

good news — хорошие новости

good law — хороший закон

good day for swimming — благоприятный день для купания

2) общ. годный, неиспорченный, доброкачественный (напр., о еде)

good food — доброкачественная, свежая пища

See:

good delivery

3) общ. здоровый, действующий

one good arm — одна здоровая рука

good heart — здоровое сердце

4) эк. плодородный, обильный ( о земле)

5) общ. достойный, добропорядочный, добродетельный

wise and good man — мудрый и добропорядочный человек

6) общ. добрый, доброжелательный; милый, любезный, послушный

She was renowned for her good deeds. — Она славилась своими добрыми делами.

Have you been a good boy today? — Ты был сегодня хорошим (послушным) мальчиком?

7) общ. искусный, умелый; опытный, квалифицированный

good worker — умелый (опытный, квалифицированный) работник

The office needs another good typist. — В офисе требуется еще одна квалифицированная машинистка.

Syn:

skilled, skilful, proficient

8) общ. полезный

Milk is good for you. — Молоко тебе полезно.

Syn:

beneficial, useful

9) общ. приятный, доставляющий удовольствие; милый, веселый, компанейский, общительный

Have a good time on your vacation. — Приятно тебе провести отпуск.

An entertainer has to have a good personality. — Эстрадный артист должен быть общителен.

Syn:

pleasant

10) общ. хороший, лучший ( обладающий преимуществом среди других подобных)

Why don't you wear your good suit to the party? — Почему ты не одеваешь на вечер свой выходной костюм?

Syn:

best

11) эк. кредитоспособный, надежный; подлинный, действительный

I would cash his check if I could be sure it was good. — Я бы оплатил его чек, если бы был уверен, что он настоящий.

Syn:

valid, real, genuine, authentic, legitimate

12) общ. полный, целый; значительный, большой, изрядный; достаточный

a good share of the work — значительная часть работы

I waited a good hour. — Я прождал целый час.

13) общ. убедительный, обоснованный

good reasons — убедительные причины

good cause — обоснованная причина

good excuse — основательная (уважительная) причина

Syn:

well-founded, cogent

14) эк. выгодный, прибыльный

good bargain — выгодная сделка

good marriage — выгодный брак

15) общ. действительный, действующий

good for two months — действителен в течение двух месяцев

See:

good this month order, good this week order

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= goods.
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Маркетинг

товар, благо

продукт или услуга, которые удовлетворяют потребности людей

Англо-русский экономический словарь > good
5 good

good [gʊd]

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1. adjective

2. noun

3. compounds

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► compar better, superl best

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1. adjective

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► When good is part of a set combination, eg in a good temper, a good deal of, look up the noun.

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   a. bon

• a piece of good news une bonne nouvelle

• he's a good man c'est un homme bon

• we had good weather nous avons eu du beau temps

• we had a good time nous nous sommes bien amusés

• it's too good to be true c'est trop beau pour être vrai

• he's on to a good thing (inf) il a trouvé un bon filon (inf)

• it's a good job I was there heureusement que j'étais là

• it will take you a good hour il vous faudra une bonne heure

• a good 8 kilometres 8 bons kilomètres

   b. ( = kind) gentil

• be good to him soyez gentil avec lui

• that's very good of you c'est très gentil de votre part

• I tried to find something good to say about him j'ai essayé de trouver quelque chose de bien à dire sur lui

• would you be good enough to tell me auriez-vous l'obligeance de me dire

   c. ( = well-behaved) [child, animal] sage

• be good! sois sage !

• Andrew was as good as gold Andrew a été sage comme une image

   d. ( = at ease) I feel good je me sens bien

• I don't feel too good about that (inf) ( = ashamed) j'ai un peu honte de moi

   e. ( = attractive) joli

• she's got good legs elle a de jolies jambes

• that looks good on you ça vous va bien

• you look good! ( = healthy) tu as bonne mine ! ; ( = well-dressed) tu es très bien comme ça !

   f. ( = thorough) to have a good cry pleurer un bon coup

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► Verb + adverb may be used in French, instead of adjective + noun. For combinations other than the following, look up the noun.

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• give it a good rinse rincez-le bien

• give it a good stir mélangez-le bien

   g. (in greetings) good afternoon (early) bonjour ; (later) bonsoir ; (on leaving) bonsoir

• good morning bonjour

• Robert sends his good wishes Robert envoie ses amitiés

• with all good wishes (in letter) cordialement

   h. (in exclamations) good! bien !

• that's a good one! [joke, story] elle est bien bonne celle-là ! (inf)

   i. (emphatic use) we had a good long talk nous avons longuement discuté

• a good long walk une grande promenade

• good old Charles! (inf) ce bon vieux Charles !

• good strong shoes de bonnes chaussures

   j. (set structures)

► it's good to

• it's good to be here ça fait plaisir d'être ici

• it's good to see you looking so well ça fait plaisir de te voir en si bonne forme

• it's good to see you je suis content de te voir

• it's good to talk ça fait du bien de parler

• it's good to be alive il fait bon vivre► good at [+ academic subject] bon en

• good at French bon en français

• he's good at everything il est bon en tout

• she's good at singing elle chante bien

• she's good at putting people at their ease elle sait mettre les gens à l'aise► good with

• she's good with children elle sait s'y prendre avec les enfants

• she's good with her hands elle est habile de ses mains► good enough

• that's good enough for me cela me suffit

• that's not good enough ça ne suffit pas

• it's just not good enough! (indignantly) ça ne va pas du tout !► good for ( = healthy for)

milk is good for children le lait est bon pour les enfants

• it's good for you c'est bon pour la santé

• the shock was good for him le choc lui a été salutaire

• this ticket is good for three months ( = valid for) ce billet est valable trois mois

• my car is good for another few years ma voiture tiendra bien encore quelques années► what's good for

• if you know what's good for you you'll say yes si tu as le moindre bon sens tu accepteras

• what's good for the consumer isn't necessarily good for the economy ce qui bon pour le consommateur ne l'est pas forcément pour l'économie► more than is good for

• they tend to eat and drink more than is good for them ils ont tendance à boire et à manger plus que de raison

• some children know more than is good for them certains enfants en savent plus qu'ils ne devraient► as good as ( = practically) pratiquement

• his career is as good as over sa carrière est pratiquement terminée

• she as good as told me that... elle m'a dit à peu de chose près que...

• it was as good as a holiday c'étaient presque des vacances

• it's as good as saying that... autant dire que...

• he was as good as his word il a tenu promesse► as good as new [thing] comme neuf ( neuve f)

• in a day or so he'll be as good as new dans un jour ou deux il sera complètement rétabli► to make good ( = succeed) faire son chemin ; [ex-criminal] s'acheter une conduite (inf) ; ( = compensate for) [+ deficit] combler ; [+ deficiency, losses] compenser ; [+ expenses] rembourser ; [+ injustice, damage] réparer

• to make good a loss to sb dédommager qn d'une perte

• to make good a promise tenir une promesse

2. noun

   a. ( = virtue) bien m

• good and evil le bien et le mal

• there's some good in him il a de bons côtés

   b. ( = good deeds) to do good faire le bien

• she's up to no good (inf) elle prépare un mauvais coup (inf)

   c. ( = advantage, profit) bien m

• it's for his own good c'est pour son bien

• for the good of the country pour le bien du pays

• the common good l'intérêt m commun

• a lot of good that's done! nous voilà bien avancés !

• he'll come to no good il finira mal

► to do sb good faire du bien à qn

• that will do you good cela vous fera du bien

• what good will that do you? ça t'avancera à quoi ?

• a fat lot of good that will do you! (inf) tu seras bien avancé !

• a lot of good that's done him! le voilà bien avancé !

• it does my heart good to see him ça me réjouit de le voir

   d. ( = use) what's the good? à quoi bon ?

• what's the good of hurrying? à quoi bon se presser ?

• it's not much good to me [advice, suggestion] ça ne m'avance pas à grand-chose ; [object, money] ça ne me sert pas à grand-chose

• that won't be much good cela ne servira pas à grand-chose

• if that is any good to you si ça peut t'être utile

• is he any good? [worker, singer] qu'est-ce qu'il vaut ?

► no good ( = useless)

it's no good ça ne sert à rien

• it's no good saying that ça ne sert à rien de dire cela

• it's no good worrying ça ne sert à rien de se faire du souci

• it's no good, I'll never get it finished in time il n'y a rien à faire, je n'arriverai jamais à le finir à temps

• that's no good ça ne va pas

• I'm no good at maths je suis mauvais en maths

   e. ► for good pour de bon

• he's gone for good il est parti pour de bon

• for good and all une (bonne) fois pour toutes

• to settle down for good se fixer définitivement

3. compounds

► good-for-nothing noun bon m, bonne f à rien

► Good Friday noun Vendredi m saint

► good guy noun (Cinema) gentil m

► good-humoured adjective [person, appearance, smile] jovial ; [joke] sans malice

► good-looking adjective beau ( belle f)

► good looks plural noun beauté f

► good-natured adjective [person] facile à vivre ; [smile, laughter] bon enfant inv

► good-tempered adjective [person] qui a bon caractère

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GOOD FRIDAY AGREEMENT

Le Good Friday Agreement (« Accord du Vendredi saint »), également appelé le Belfast Agreement, a été signé le 10 avril 1998 dans le cadre du processus de paix qui devait mettre fin aux « Troubles » en Irlande du Nord. Il avait pour but de régler les relations entre l'Irlande du Nord et la République d'Irlande et entre ces deux pays et l'Angleterre, l'Écosse et le pays de Galles. Il a mis en place la « Northern Ireland Assembly » et lui a délégué certains pouvoirs. L'accord fut soumis à référendum le 22 mai 1998 et la population vota majoritairement pour.

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[gʊd] 1.
noun

1) ( virtue) bien m

to do good — faire le bien

to be up to no good — (colloq) mijoter quelque chose (colloq)

to come to no good — mal tourner

2) ( benefit) bien m

for all the good it did me — pour le peu de bien que ça m'a fait

she's too generous for her own good — elle est trop généreuse et ça lui jouera des tours

for the good of his health — lit pour sa santé

it didn't do my migraine any good — ça n'a pas arrangé ma migraine

no good can ou will come of it — rien de bon n'en sortira

no good will come of waiting — il vaut mieux agir tout de suite

to be all to the good — être pour le mieux

3) ( use)

it's no good crying — ça ne sert à rien de pleurer

what good would it do me? — à quoi cela me servirait-il?

4) GB ( profit)

to be £20 to the good — avoir 20 livres sterling à son crédit
2.
goods plural noun

1) ( for sale) gen articles mpl, marchandise f

stolen good — marchandise volée

electrical goods — appareils mpl électro-ménagers

goods and services — biens mpl de consommation et services

2) GB Railways marchandises fpl

3) ( property) affaires fpl, biens mpl

good and chattels — biens et effets personnels

4) (colloq)

to deliver ou come up with the goods — répondre à l'attente de quelqu'un

that's the goods! — c'est parfait!
3.
goods noun modifier GB Railways [ depot, station, train, wagon] de marchandises
4.
adjective (comparative better; superlative best)

1) ( enjoyable) gen bon/bonne; [party] réussi

the good weather — le beau temps

to have a good time — bien s'amuser

have a good day! — bonne journée!

the good things in life — les petits plaisirs de l'existence

the good life — la dolce vita

it's good to see you again — je suis content de vous revoir

2) ( happy)

to feel good about/doing — être content de/de faire

I didn't feel very good about lying to him — je n'étais pas très fier de lui avoir menti

3) ( healthy) [eye, ear etc] bon/bonne

you don't look too good — tu as mauvaise mine

I don't feel too good — je ne me sens pas très bien

4) ( high quality) bon/bonne; ( best) [coat, china] beau/belle; [degree] avec mention (after n)

I'm not good enough for her — je ne suis pas assez bien pour elle

nothing is too good for her son — rien n'est trop beau pour son fils

5) ( prestigious) (épith) [address, marriage] bon/bonne

6) ( obedient) [child, dog] sage; [manners] bon/bonne

there's a good boy ou girl! — c'est bien!

7) ( favourable) bon/bonne

the good thing is that — ce qui est bien c'est que

New York is good for shopping — New York est un bon endroit pour faire les magasins

8) ( attractive) beau/belle

to look good with — [garment, accessories] aller bien avec

she looks good in blue — le bleu lui va bien

9) ( tasty) [meal] bon/bonne

to taste good — avoir bon goût

to smell good — sentir bon inv

to look good — avoir l'air bon

10) ( virtuous) (épith) [man, life] vertueux/-euse; [Christian] bon/bonne

the good guys — les bons mpl

11) ( kind) [person] gentil/-ille

a good deed — une bonne action

to do somebody a good turn — rendre service à quelqu'un

would you be good enough to do —

would you be so good as to do — auriez-vous la gentillesse de faire

12) ( pleasant) [humour, mood] bon/bonne

to be in a good mood — être de bonne humeur

to be very good about — se montrer très compréhensif au sujet de [mistake]

13) ( competent) bon/bonne

she's a good swimmer — elle nage bien

to be good at — être bon en [Latin, physics]; être bon à [badminton, chess]

she's good at dancing — elle danse bien

to be no good at — être nul/nulle en [tennis, chemistry]; être nul/nulle à [chess, cards]

I'm no good at knitting — je ne sais pas tricoter

to be good with — savoir comment s'y prendre avec [children, animals]; aimer [figures]

to be good with one's hands — être habile de ses mains

to be good with words — savoir manier la langue

14) ( beneficial)

to be good for — faire du bien à [person, plant]; être bon pour [health, business, morale]

exercise is good for you — l'exercice fait du bien

he eats more than is good for him — il mange plus qu'il ne devrait

say nothing if you know what's good for you — si je peux te donner un conseil, ne dis rien

15) (effective, suitable, accurate, sensible) bon/bonne

to look good — [design] faire de l'effet

to keep good time — être très précis

this will look good on your CV GB ou résumé US — cela fera bien sur votre CV

that's a good point — tout à fait

16) ( fluent)

he speaks good Spanish — il parle bien espagnol

17) ( fortunate)

it's a good job ou thing (that) — heureusement que

it's a good job ou thing too! — tant mieux!

we've never had it so good — (colloq) les affaires n'ont jamais été aussi prospères

it's too good to be true — c'est trop beau pour être vrai

18) ( serviceable)

this season ticket is good for two more months — cette carte d'abonnement est valable encore deux mois

the car is good for another 10,000 km — la voiture fera encore 10000 km

it's as good a reason as any — c'est une raison comme une autre

to be good for a loan — avoir de l'argent à prêter

19) ( substantial) (épith) [salary, size, hour] bon/bonne

it must be worth a good 2,000 dollars — ça doit valoir au moins 2000 dollars

a good thick mattress — un matelas bien épais

good and early — de très bonne heure

give it a good clean — nettoie-le bien

we had a good laugh — on a bien ri; better, best
5.
as good as adverbial phrase

1) ( virtually) quasiment

to be as good as new — être comme neuf/neuve

2) ( tantamount to)

it's as good as saying yes — c'est comme si tu disais oui

he as good as called me a liar — il m'a plus ou moins traité de menteur
6.
for good adverbial phrase pour toujours
7.
exclamation (expressing pleasure, satisfaction) c'est bien!; ( with relief) tant mieux!; (to encourage, approve) très bien!

••

good for you! — ( approvingly) bravo!; ( sarcastically) tant mieux pour toi!

that's a good one! — (of joke, excuse) elle est bonne celle-là!

good on you! — (colloq) GB bravo!

good thinking — bien vu!

to be onto a good thing (colloq), to have a good thing going — (colloq) être sur un bon filon

you can have too much of a good thing — il ne faut pas abuser des bonnes choses

English-French dictionary > good
6 good

good

A n

1 ( virtue) bien m ; good and evil le bien et le mal ; to do good faire le bien ; to be up to no good ○ mijoter qch ○ ; to come to no good [person] mal tourner ;

2 ( benefit) bien m ; for the good of the company pour le bien de la société ; it's for your own good c'est pour ton bien ; for all the good it did me pour le peu de bien que ça m'a fait ; much good may it do him! grand bien lui fasse! ; she's too generous for her own good elle est trop généreuse et ça lui jouera des tours ; for the good of his health lit pour sa santé ; do you think I'm doing this for the good of my health? iron tu crois que ça m'amuse de faire ça? ; it didn't do my migraine any good ça n'a pas arrangé ma migraine ; a strike won't do the company any good une grève n'arrangera pas les affaires de l'entreprise ; the rain did the plants good la pluie a fait du bien aux plantes ; it will do you good to sleep ça te fera du bien de dormir ; no good can ou will come of it rien de bon n'en sortira ; no good will come of waiting attendre ne changera rien ; to be all to the good être pour le mieux ;

3 ( use) it's no good crying ça ne sert à rien de pleurer ; it's no good I can't do it ça ne sert à rien je n'y arrive pas ; would an oil change do any good? est-ce qu'une vidange servirait à quelque chose? ; what good would it do me? à quoi cela me servirait-il? ; these books are no good to me now ces livres ne me servent plus à rien ;

4 GB ( profit) to be £20 to the good avoir 20 livres sterling à son crédit ;

5 ( virtuous people) the good (+ v pl) les bons mpl.

B goods npl

1 ( for sale) gen articles mpl, marchandise f ; leather goods articles de cuir ; stolen good marchandise volée ; electrical goods appareils mpl électroménagers ; goods and services biens mpl de consommation et services ;

2 GB Rail marchandises fpl ;

3 ( property) affaires fpl, biens mpl ; good and chattels biens et effets personnels ;

4 ○ ( what is wanted) to deliver ou come up with the goods répondre à l'attente ; that's the goods! c'est parfait!

C goods modif GB Rail [depot, station, train, wagon] de marchandises.

D adj ( comp better ; superl best)

1 ( enjoyable) [book, holiday, joke, news] bon/bonne ; [party] réussi ; the good weather le beau temps ; the good times les bons moments ; to have a good time bien s'amuser ; a good time was had by all tout le monde s'est amusé ; have a good time! amusez-vous bien! ; have a good day! bonne journée! ; the good things in life les petits plaisirs de l'existence ; the good life la dolce vita ; it's good to see you again je suis content de vous revoir ; in the good old days au bon vieux temps ;

2 ( happy) to feel good about/doing être content de/de faire ; helping others makes me feel good je suis content quand j'aide les autres ; I didn't feel very good about lying to him je n'ai pas été très fier de lui avoir menti ;

3 ( healthy) [ear, eye, leg] bon/bonne ; [eyesight, hearing, memory] bon/bonne ; you don't look too good tu as mauvaise mine ; I don't feel too good je ne me sens pas très bien ;

4 ( high quality) [book, condition, make, hotel, photo, soil, score] bon/bonne ; [coat, suit, china] beau/belle ; [degree] avec mention (after n) ; I'm not good enough for her je ne suis pas assez bien pour elle ; nothing is too good for her son rien n'est trop beau pour son fils ;

5 ( prestigious) ( épith) [address, family, marriage] bon/bonne ;

6 ( obedient) [child, dog] sage ; [behaviour, manners] bon/bonne ; there's a good boy ou girl! c'est bien! ;

7 ( favourable) [review, impression, opportunity, sign] bon/bonne ; the good thing is that ce qui est bien c'est que ; New York is good for shopping New York est un bon endroit pour faire les magasins ;

8 ( attractive) [legs, teeth] beau/belle ; [handwriting] beau/belle ; to look good with [garment, accessories] aller bien avec [garment] ; she looks good in blue/that dress le bleu/cette robe lui va bien ; a good figure une belle silhouette ;

9 ( tasty) [meal] bon/bonne ; to taste good avoir bon goût ; to smell good sentir bon inv ; to look good avoir l'air bon ; that pie looks good cette tourte a l'air bonne ;

10 ( virtuous) ( épith) [man, life] vertueux/-euse ; [Christian] bon/bonne ; the good guys ( in films) les bons mpl ;

11 ( kind) [person] gentil/-ille ; a good deed une bonne action ; to do sb a good turn rendre service à qn ; would you be good enough to do, would you be so good as to do auriez-vous la gentillesse de faire ; close the door, there's a good chap fermez la porte, vous serez gentil ; my good man† mon brave† ; how is your good lady†? comment va madame votre épouse? ;

12 ( pleasant) [humour, mood] bon/bonne ; to be in a good mood être de bonne humeur ; to be very good about se montrer très compréhensif au sujet de [mistake, misunderstanding] ;

13 ( reliable) good old Richard! ce bon vieux Richard! ; there's nothing like good old beeswax il n'y a rien de tel que la bonne vieille cire d'abeille ;

14 ( competent) [accountant, hairdresser, teacher] bon/bonne ; she's a good swimmer elle nage bien ; to be good at être bon en [Latin, physics] ; être bon à [badminton, chess] ; she's good at dancing/drawing elle danse/ dessine bien ; to be no good at être nul/nulle en [tennis, chemistry] ; être nul/nulle à [chess, cards] ; I'm no good at knitting/singing/apologizing je ne sais pas tricoter/chanter/m'excuser ; to be good with savoir comment s'y prendre avec [old people, children, animals] ; aimer [numbers] ; to be good with one's hands être habile de ses mains ; to be good with words savoir écrire ; you're really good at irritating people! iron tu es doué pour énerver les gens! ; he was good as Hamlet il était bien dans le rôle d'Hamlet ;

15 ( beneficial) to be good for faire du bien à [person, plant] ; être bon pour [skin, health] ; être bon pour [business, morale] ; exercise is good for you l'exercice fait du bien ; he eats more than is good for him il mange plus qu'il ne devrait ; say nothing if you know what' s good for you si je peux te donner un conseil, ne dis rien ;

16 ( effective) [example, knife, shampoo, method] bon/bonne (for doing pour faire) ; to look good [design, wallpaper] faire de l'effet ; this will look good on your CV GB ou résumé US cela fera bien sur votre CV ;

17 ( suitable) [book, day, moment, name] bon/bonne (for pour) ;

18 ( fluent) he speaks good Spanish il parle bien espagnol ; her English is good son anglais est bon ;

19 ( fortunate) this new law is a good thing cette nouvelle loi est une bonne chose ; it's a good job ou thing (that) heureusement que ; it's a good job ou thing too! tant mieux! ; we've never had it so good ○ les affaires n'ont jamais été aussi prospères ; industry has never had it so good l'industrie n'a jamais été aussi prospère ; it's too good to be true c'est trop beau pour être vrai ;

20 ( sensible) [choice, idea, investment] bon/bonne ; that's a good question bonne question ; that's a good point tout à fait ;

21 ( close) ( épith) [friend, relationship] bon/bonne ;

22 ( serviceable) this season ticket is good for two more months cette carte d'abonnement est valable encore deux mois ; he's good for another 20 years il sera encore là dans 20 ans ; the car is good for another 10,000 km la voiture fera encore 10 000 km ; it's as good a reason as any c'est une raison comme une autre ; to be good for a loan être d'accord pour prêter de l'argent ;

23 ( accurate) [description, spelling] bon/bonne ; to keep good time [clock, watch] être très précis ;

24 ( fit to eat) [meat, cheese] bon/bonne ;

25 ( substantial) ( épith) [salary, size, kilo, length, hour, mile] bon/bonne ; it must be worth a good 2,000 dollars ça doit valoir au moins 2 000 dollars ; a good 20 years ago il y a au moins 20 ans ; a good thick mattress un matelas bien épais ; a good long walk/talk une bonne balade/discussion ; good and early de très bonne heure ;

26 ( hard) ( épith) [kick, punch] bon/bonne ; give it a good clean nettoie-le bien ; we had a good laugh/look on a bien ri/regardé ;

27 ‡ Naut the good ship Neptune le Neptune. ⇒ better, best.

E as good as adv phr

1 ( virtually) quasiment ; the match is as good as lost le match est quasiment perdu ; to be as good as new être comme neuf/neuve ;

2 ( tantamount to) it's as good as saying yes/giving him a blank cheque c'est comme si tu disais oui/lui donnais carte blanche ;

3 ( by implication) he as good as called me a liar il m'a plus ou moins traité de menteur.

F for good adv phr pour toujours.

G excl (expressing pleasure, satisfaction) c'est bien! ; ( with relief) tant mieux! ; (to encourage, approve) très bien! ; ( in assent) très bien!

Idioms

good for you! ( approvingly) bravo! ; ( sarcastically) tant mieux pour toi! ; that's a good one! [joke, excuse] elle est bonne celle-là! ; good on you ○ ! GB bravo! ; good thinking bien vu! ; everything came good in the end tout s'est bien terminé ; to be caught with the goods ○ être pris en flagrant délit ; to be onto a good thing ○ , to have a good thing going ○ être sur un bon filon ; you can have too much of a good thing il ne faut pas abuser des bonnes choses.

Big English-French dictionary > good
7 good

I [gʊd]
aggettivo (compar. better; superl. best)

1) (enjoyable) [ news] buono; [book, joke, weather, party] bello

to have a good time — divertirsi

have a good day! — buona giornata!

the good life — la bella vita

it's good to see you again — è bello rivederti

the good old days — i bei tempi andati

2) (happy)

to feel good about, doing — essere contento di, di fare

3) (healthy) [eye, leg] sano, buono; [hearing, memory] buono

you don't look too good — non hai un bell'aspetto

I don't feel too good — non mi sento troppo bene

4) (high quality) [condition, degree, score] buono; [photo, hotel, coat] bello

I'm not good enough for her — non vado abbastanza bene per lei, non sono alla sua altezza

nothing is too good for her son — non è mai abbastanza per suo figlio

5) (prestigious) attrib. [ marriage] buono

6) (obedient) [child, dog] buono, bravo; [ manners] buono

there's a good boy! — che bravo bambino!

7) (favourable) [impression, sign] buono

the good thing is that — la cosa positiva è che

New York is good for shopping — New York è un buon posto per lo shopping

8) (attractive) [legs, teeth] bello

to look good with — [garment, accessories] andare o stare bene con

she looks good in blue — sta bene col blu, il blu le dona

9) (tasty) [ meal] buono, gustoso; (fit to eat) [ meat] buono

to taste, smell good — avere un buon sapore, odore

10) (virtuous) attrib. [ person] buono, virtuoso; [ life] morigerato

the good guys — (in films) i buoni

11) (kind) [person, deed] buono, gentile

to do sb. a good turn — fare un favore a qcn.

would you be good enough to do, would you be so good as to do — saresti tanto o così gentile da fare

12) (pleasant)

to be in a good mood — essere di buonumore

to be very good about — essere molto buono o comprensivo riguardo a [ mistake]

13) (competent) [accountant, teacher] buono, bravo

to be good at — essere bravo in [ Latin]; essere bravo o forte a [ chess]

he's good at dancing — balla bene, è bravo a ballare

to be no good at — essere una schiappa in [ chemistry]; essere una schiappa a [ tennis]

I'm no good at singing — non sono capace a cantare

to be good with — saperci fare con [children, animals]; essere bravo con [ numbers]

to be good with one's hands — essere bravo nei lavori manuali

14) (beneficial)

to be good for — fare bene a [person, plant, health]; giovare a [business, morale]

he eats more than is good for him — mangia più di quanto dovrebbe

say nothing if you know what's good for you — per il tuo bene, non dire niente

15) (effective, suitable) [ method] buono, efficace; [ shampoo] buono; [ knife] adatto; [name, book, moment] buono, adatto; [idea, investment, question] buono; [ point] giusto

this will look good on your CV — BE o

résumé — AE questo farà bella figura sul tuo curriculum

16) (accurate) [ description] buono, preciso; (fluent) [ language] buono

to keep good time — [ clock] essere preciso

he speaks good Spanish — parla bene lo spagnolo

17) (fortunate)

it's a good job o thing (that) fortuna che, meno male che; we've never had it so good colloq. le cose non sono mai andate così bene; it's too good to be true — è troppo bello per essere vero

18) (close) attrib. [ friend] buono

19) (serviceable)

this season ticket is good for two more months — questo abbonamento è valido per altri due mesi

the car is good for another 10,000 km — la macchina può fare ancora altri 10.000 km

it's as good a reason as any — è una ragione come un'altra

20) (substantial) attrib. [salary, size] buono; [ hour] buono, abbondante

it must be worth a good 2,000 dollars — deve valere almeno 2.000 dollari

a good 20 years ago — almeno vent'anni fa

a good long walk — una passeggiata bella lunga

good and early — molto presto

give it a good clean — dagli una bella pulita

21)

as good as — (virtually) praticamente

to be as good as new — essere come nuovo

he as good as called me a liar — mi ha praticamente dato del bugiardo

it's as good as saying yes — (tantamount to) è come o equivale a dire di sì

••

good for you! — (approvingly) bravo! sono contento o buon per te! (sarcastically) tanto meglio per te!

that's a good one! — questa è bella!

good on you! — BE colloq. bravo!

good thinking — buona o bella idea!

to be onto a good thing, to have a good thing going — colloq. avere per le mani qualcosa di buono

you can have too much of a good thing — il troppo stroppia
II 1. [gʊd]
nome

1) (virtue) bene m.

good and evil — il bene e il male

to do good — fare del bene

to be up to no good — colloq. combinare qualche guaio

to come to no good — finire male, fare una brutta fine

2) (benefit) bene m.

for your own good — per il tuo bene

for the good of his health — per la sua salute

for all the good it did me — per quel che mi è servito, per il bene che mi ha fatto

she's too generous for her own good — è troppo generosa e finirà per rimetterci

to do sb., sth. good — fare bene a qcn., qcs. ( to do fare)

no good can o will come of it non ne uscirà niente di buono; no good will come of waiting aspettare non servirà a nulla; to be all to the good — essere tutto di guadagnato

3) (use)

it's no good crying — non serve a nulla piangere

it's no good — è inutile

would it do any good? — servirebbe a qualcosa?

4) BE (profit)

to be Ј 20 to the good — essere in credito di 20 sterline

5)

for good — per sempre
2.
nome plurale the good (virtuous people) i buoni m.
III [gʊd]
interiezione (expressing satisfaction) bene; (with relief) tanto meglio; (to encourage, approve) bene, ben fatto

* * *
[ɡud] 1. comparative - better; adjective
1) (well-behaved; not causing trouble etc: Be good!; She's a good baby.) buono, bravo

2) (correct, desirable etc: She was a good wife; good manners; good English.) buono

3) (of high quality: good food/literature; His singing is very good.) buono

4) (skilful; able to do something well: a good doctor; good at tennis; good with children.) bravo, buono

5) (kind: You've been very good to him; a good father.) buono

6) (helpful; beneficial: Exercise is good for you.; Cheese is good for you.) buono

7) (pleased, happy etc: I'm in a good mood today.) buono

8) (pleasant; enjoyable: to read a good book; Ice-cream is good to eat.) buono

9) (considerable; enough: a good salary; She talked a good deal of nonsense.) buono; molto

10) (suitable: a good man for the job.) adatto

11) (sound, fit: good health; good eyesight; a car in good condition.) buono

12) (sensible: Can you think of one good reason for doing that?) buono

13) (showing approval: We've had very good reports about you.) buono

14) (thorough: a good clean.) buono; bello

15) (healthy or in a positive mood: I don't feel very good this morning.) bene
2. noun
1) (advantage or benefit: He worked for the good of the poor; for your own good; What's the good of a broken-down car?) bene; utilità

2) (goodness: I always try to see the good in people.) bene; buono
3. interjection
(an expression of approval, gladness etc.) bene

- goodness
4. interjection
((also my goodness) an expression of surprise etc.) santo Cielo!, buon Dio!

- goods
- goody
- goodbye
- good-day
- good evening
- good-for-nothing
- good humour
- good-humoured
- good-humouredly
- good-looking
- good morning
- good afternoon
- good-day
- good evening
- good night
- good-natured
- goodwill
- good will
- good works
- as good as
- be as good as one's word
- be up to no good
- deliver the goods
- for good
- for goodness' sake
- good for
- good for you
- him
- Good Friday
- good gracious
- good heavens
- goodness gracious
- goodness me
- good old
- make good
- no good
- put in a good word for
- take something in good part
- take in good part
- thank goodness
- to the good
* * *
I [gʊd]
aggettivo (compar. better; superl. best)

1) (enjoyable) [ news] buono; [book, joke, weather, party] bello

to have a good time — divertirsi

have a good day! — buona giornata!

the good life — la bella vita

it's good to see you again — è bello rivederti

the good old days — i bei tempi andati

2) (happy)

to feel good about, doing — essere contento di, di fare

3) (healthy) [eye, leg] sano, buono; [hearing, memory] buono

you don't look too good — non hai un bell'aspetto

I don't feel too good — non mi sento troppo bene

4) (high quality) [condition, degree, score] buono; [photo, hotel, coat] bello

I'm not good enough for her — non vado abbastanza bene per lei, non sono alla sua altezza

nothing is too good for her son — non è mai abbastanza per suo figlio

5) (prestigious) attrib. [ marriage] buono

6) (obedient) [child, dog] buono, bravo; [ manners] buono

there's a good boy! — che bravo bambino!

7) (favourable) [impression, sign] buono

the good thing is that — la cosa positiva è che

New York is good for shopping — New York è un buon posto per lo shopping

8) (attractive) [legs, teeth] bello

to look good with — [garment, accessories] andare o stare bene con

she looks good in blue — sta bene col blu, il blu le dona

9) (tasty) [ meal] buono, gustoso; (fit to eat) [ meat] buono

to taste, smell good — avere un buon sapore, odore

10) (virtuous) attrib. [ person] buono, virtuoso; [ life] morigerato

the good guys — (in films) i buoni

11) (kind) [person, deed] buono, gentile

to do sb. a good turn — fare un favore a qcn.

would you be good enough to do, would you be so good as to do — saresti tanto o così gentile da fare

12) (pleasant)

to be in a good mood — essere di buonumore

to be very good about — essere molto buono o comprensivo riguardo a [ mistake]

13) (competent) [accountant, teacher] buono, bravo

to be good at — essere bravo in [ Latin]; essere bravo o forte a [ chess]

he's good at dancing — balla bene, è bravo a ballare

to be no good at — essere una schiappa in [ chemistry]; essere una schiappa a [ tennis]

I'm no good at singing — non sono capace a cantare

to be good with — saperci fare con [children, animals]; essere bravo con [ numbers]

to be good with one's hands — essere bravo nei lavori manuali

14) (beneficial)

to be good for — fare bene a [person, plant, health]; giovare a [business, morale]

he eats more than is good for him — mangia più di quanto dovrebbe

say nothing if you know what's good for you — per il tuo bene, non dire niente

15) (effective, suitable) [ method] buono, efficace; [ shampoo] buono; [ knife] adatto; [name, book, moment] buono, adatto; [idea, investment, question] buono; [ point] giusto

this will look good on your CV — BE o

résumé — AE questo farà bella figura sul tuo curriculum

16) (accurate) [ description] buono, preciso; (fluent) [ language] buono

to keep good time — [ clock] essere preciso

he speaks good Spanish — parla bene lo spagnolo

17) (fortunate)

it's a good job o thing (that) fortuna che, meno male che; we've never had it so good colloq. le cose non sono mai andate così bene; it's too good to be true — è troppo bello per essere vero

18) (close) attrib. [ friend] buono

19) (serviceable)

this season ticket is good for two more months — questo abbonamento è valido per altri due mesi

the car is good for another 10,000 km — la macchina può fare ancora altri 10.000 km

it's as good a reason as any — è una ragione come un'altra

20) (substantial) attrib. [salary, size] buono; [ hour] buono, abbondante

it must be worth a good 2,000 dollars — deve valere almeno 2.000 dollari

a good 20 years ago — almeno vent'anni fa

a good long walk — una passeggiata bella lunga

good and early — molto presto

give it a good clean — dagli una bella pulita

21)

as good as — (virtually) praticamente

to be as good as new — essere come nuovo

he as good as called me a liar — mi ha praticamente dato del bugiardo

it's as good as saying yes — (tantamount to) è come o equivale a dire di sì

••

good for you! — (approvingly) bravo! sono contento o buon per te! (sarcastically) tanto meglio per te!

that's a good one! — questa è bella!

good on you! — BE colloq. bravo!

good thinking — buona o bella idea!

to be onto a good thing, to have a good thing going — colloq. avere per le mani qualcosa di buono

you can have too much of a good thing — il troppo stroppia
II 1. [gʊd]
nome

1) (virtue) bene m.

good and evil — il bene e il male

to do good — fare del bene

to be up to no good — colloq. combinare qualche guaio

to come to no good — finire male, fare una brutta fine

2) (benefit) bene m.

for your own good — per il tuo bene

for the good of his health — per la sua salute

for all the good it did me — per quel che mi è servito, per il bene che mi ha fatto

she's too generous for her own good — è troppo generosa e finirà per rimetterci

to do sb., sth. good — fare bene a qcn., qcs. ( to do fare)

no good can o will come of it non ne uscirà niente di buono; no good will come of waiting aspettare non servirà a nulla; to be all to the good — essere tutto di guadagnato

3) (use)

it's no good crying — non serve a nulla piangere

it's no good — è inutile

would it do any good? — servirebbe a qualcosa?

4) BE (profit)

to be Ј 20 to the good — essere in credito di 20 sterline

5)

for good — per sempre
2.
nome plurale the good (virtuous people) i buoni m.
III [gʊd]
interiezione (expressing satisfaction) bene; (with relief) tanto meglio; (to encourage, approve) bene, ben fatto

English-Italian dictionary > good
8 good for

صَالِح \ eligible: suitable to be chosen: eligible for a job; eligible for marriage. fit: suitable; good enough: The water was not fit to drink. good for: helping sb. or sth. to remain in the right condition or to reach a better condition: Fruit is good for your health. Rain is good for the crops. pious: very religious; always thinking of God.

Arabic-English glossary > good for
9 good

سَارٌّ \ delightful: very pleasant; charming. enjoyable: (of things, not people) pleasant. good: pleasing: good news; a good film. great: fine; very pleasing: We had a great time in Paris. joyful: very happy: A marriage is a joyful event. nice: pleasant: a nice day (a fine day); a nice time (an enjoyable time). pleasant: pleasing; satisfying; nice; friendly: a pleasant taste; a pleasant companion. sweet: pleasant: a sweet smell; a sweet smile; a sweet little girl (pretty and charming).

Arabic-English glossary > good
10 good looks

n pl infml

It takes much more than just good looks to hold a marriage together — Чтобы брак был прочным, недостаточно быть просто красивой женой

The new dictionary of modern spoken language > good looks
11 civil marriage

гражданский брак

hedge marriage — тайный брак

good marriage — выгодный брак

secret marriage — тайный брак

former marriage — прежний брак

future marriage — будущий брак

English-Russian base dictionary > civil marriage
12 Gretna-Green marriage

заключение брака без представления соответствующих документов, без выполнения формальностей

hedge marriage — тайный брак

good marriage — выгодный брак

secret marriage — тайный брак

former marriage — прежний брак

future marriage — будущий брак

English-Russian base dictionary > Gretna-Green marriage
13 mock marriage

фиктивный брак

hedge marriage — тайный брак

good marriage — выгодный брак

secret marriage — тайный брак

former marriage — прежний брак

future marriage — будущий брак

English-Russian base dictionary > mock marriage
14 shot-gun marriage

( shot-gun marriage (или wedding))

1) вынужденный, скоропалительный брак ( когда мужчина вынужден жениться на скомпрометированной им женщине) [первонач. амер.]

There can't be a shot-gun wedding when the bride refuses to attend. (U. Sinclair, ‘Oil!’, ch. 16) — Не может быть никакой речи о принудительной женитьбе, если я того не желаю.

...when Don gets home in the mornin' he'll have to have a good long talk to young ponny. We don't want no shot gun weddin's in our family. (D. Hewett, ‘Bobbin Up’, ch. XIV) —...когда Дон явится утром с работы, ему придется серьезно поговорить с сыном. У нас в семье не должно быть скоропалительных браков.

2) "брак по принуждению" (о любом компромиссе, вызванном необходимостью)

And so to the second main policy: a shot-gun marriage between the Government, industry and the TUC. — Вторым важным политическим фактором является вынужденный союз между правительством, промышленностью и Конгрессом тред-юнионов.

Large English-Russian phrasebook > shot-gun marriage
15 come to no good

плохо кончить

Her jealous relatives said that she would come to no good. (RHD) — Ее завистливые родственники говорили, что она плохо кончит.

This marriage will come to no good. — Этот брак ничем хорошим не кончится.

Large English-Russian phrasebook > come to no good
16 a stroke of (good) fortune (or luck)

(нeoжидaннaя) удaчa, вeзeниe

I gazed at him with overflowing gratitude. So much had gone against me I could scarcely believe this splendid stroke of fortune (A. J. Cronin). 'With a stroke of luck,' said my mother, 'she may meet some eligible man and make a suitable marriage' (S. Howatch)

Concise English-Russian phrasebook > a stroke of (good) fortune (or luck)
17 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal
18 Heirat

Heirat, formlose
consensual marriage;
• vorteilhafte Heirat good marriage.

Business german-english dictionary > Heirat
19 formlose

Heirat, formlose
consensual marriage;
• vorteilhafte Heirat good marriage.
Zustimmungserklärung, formlose
statutory declaration of assent;
• schriftliche Zustimmungserklärung written assent;
• Zustimmungsvotum (EU) vote of approval.

Business german-english dictionary > formlose
20 fall on one's feet

быть везунчиком; плыть в руки; отделаться легким испугом
Everything I want, she got: good marriage, good home, nice children. While I struggle through life, she falls on her feet.

Don't worry about Joe's losing his job two years in a row — he always falls on his feet.

Англо-русский словарь идиом и фразовых глаголов > fall on one's feet

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